Religion is something that the mankind appreciates for ages and it becomes a most important aspect of every human life. The doctoral program in philosophy of education requires students to complete 88 points beyond the bachelor’s degree and to have sufficient background to pursue independent study on philosophical problems and an orientation towards philosophic questions raised by the educational and human service professions.

In this paper I take issue with these claims, and argue that (1) critical thinking is a fundamental end of education, independently of its instrumental tie to truth, and (2) it is critical thinking, rather than testimony and trust, that is educationally basic.

Although perennialism is teacher-centered, followers of this educational philosophy urge teachers and students to engage in Socratic Method, which is a form of open-ended inquiry, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and logical reasoning, the aim of which is to expose contradictions and to guide students to discover underlying presumptions and solid conclusions.

When we combine this view of knowledge with the views that educational institutions should be run by specialists who maintain control (as in businesses), that competition always accelerates learning, and that there is always a right answer to everything, we get the one size fits all approach to education that was formulated in the period after the industrial revolution.

Guided by the goal of having a transformative impact on education research, policy, and practice, you will focus on independent research in various domains, including human development, learning and teaching, policy analysis and evaluation, institutions and society, and instructional practice.